AGRON-222 Crop Production Technology –II (Rabi Crops) (Old paper) 2023-24 (New)
SECTION – II खण्ड – 11
2. Answer any ten out of the following thirteen questions. Answer of each question should be in
2-3 lines. (निम्नलिखित तेरह प्रश्नों में से किन्हीं दस के उत्तर दीजिए। प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर 2 से 3 पंक्तियों में हो।)
1. Differentiate between Wheat and Phalaris minor at early stage
English: Wheat has broad and erect leaves with a shiny surface; Phalaris minor has narrow leaves and pinkish basal sheath.
Hindi: गेहूँ की पत्तियाँ चौड़ी और चमकीली होती हैं जबकि फैलेरिस माइनर की पत्तियाँ संकरी और आधार पर गुलाबी होती हैं।
2. Weed management in Chickpea
English: Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha followed by hand weeding at 30 days controls weeds effectively.
Hindi: पेन्डीमेथालिन की 1.0 किग्रा/हे. दर से बुआई के बाद छिड़काव तथा 30 दिन बाद निराई करना लाभकारी है।
3. Difference between Garden pea and Field pea
English: Garden pea is grown for fresh consumption, has wrinkled seeds; field pea is for dry grain, with smooth, hard seeds.
Hindi: उद्यान मटर ताजी सब्जी के रूप में उपयोगी होती है, बीज झुर्रीदार होते हैं जबकि खेत मटर सूखे दानों के लिए उगाई जाती है।
4. Botanical names of three fodder crops
English: Lucerne – Medicago sativa, Oat – Avena sativa, Berseem – Trifolium alexandrinum
Hindi: रिजका – Medicago sativa, जई – Avena sativa, बरसीम – Trifolium alexandrinum
5. Economic importance of Wheat
English: Wheat is a staple food crop, a source of income and export commodity, and used in bakery industries.
Hindi: गेहूँ मुख्य खाद्यान्न है, आय व निर्यात का साधन है, और बेकरी उद्योग में उपयोग होता है।
6. Ideal soil for Beetroot cultivation
English: Well-drained loamy to sandy loam soil rich in organic matter with pH 6.0–7.0 is best.
Hindi: चुकन्दर के लिए अच्छी जल निकासी वाली दोमट या बलुई दोमट मिट्टी जिसमें जैविक पदार्थ प्रचुर हो, उपयुक्त रहती है।
7. Seed rate for early, normal, and late sown wheat
English: Early – 100 kg/ha, Normal – 125 kg/ha, Late – 150 kg/ha
Hindi: अगेती – 100 किग्रा/हे., सामान्य – 125 किग्रा/हे., देरी से – 150 किग्रा/हे.
8. Seed rate and method of Lucerne and Oat
English: Lucerne – 20–25 kg/ha (line sowing), Oat – 80–100 kg/ha (drill sowing)
Hindi: रिजका – 20–25 किग्रा/हे. (कतारों में बुआई), जई – 80–100 किग्रा/हे. (ड्रिल से बुआई)
9. Three prominent varieties of Sugarcane
English: Co-238, Co-86032, CoJ-64
Hindi: को-238, को-86032, कोजे-64
10. Factors affecting quality of Sunflower
English: Variety, soil fertility, moisture stress, pest infestation, and timely harvesting.
Hindi: किस्म, मिट्टी की उर्वरता, नमी की स्थिति, कीट प्रकोप और समय पर कटाई।
11. Stages of wheat crop for irrigation
English: Crown root initiation, tillering, booting, heading, and milk stage.
Hindi: क्राउन रूट आरंभ, कल्ला बनना, गांठ बनना, बाल निकलना, दूध अवस्था।
12. Scientific name of Mint and Tobacco
English: Mint – Mentha arvensis, Tobacco – Nicotiana tabacum
Hindi: पुदीना – Mentha arvensis, तम्बाकू – Nicotiana tabacum
13. King of cereals and fodder crops
English: Cereals – Wheat is the king, Fodder – Berseem is the king of fodders.
Hindi: अनाज – गेहूँ को राजा कहा जाता है, चारा – बरसीम चारे की फसल का राजा है।
3. Answer any five out of the following eight questions . Answer of each question its 6-8 lincs.
(i) Classification of Rapeseed and Mustard (रेपसीड एवं सरसों का वर्गीकरण)
Hindi:
सरसों एवं रेपसीड को Brassicaceae परिवार में रखा गया है। इनका वैज्ञानिक नाम Brassica spp. है।
इनका वर्गीकरण दो प्रमुख प्रकारों में होता है:
- रेपसीड (Rapeseed) – जैसे Brassica campestris
- सरसों (Mustard) – जैसे Brassica juncea, Brassica nigra, Brassica carinata
सरसों में तेल की मात्रा अधिक होती है, जबकि रेपसीड में कम तीखापन होता है।
English:
Rapeseed and mustard belong to the Brassicaceae family, and their scientific name is Brassica spp..
They are classified into two main types:
- Rapeseed (Rapeseed) – such as Brassica campestris
- Mustard (Mustard) – such as Brassica juncea, Brassica nigra, Brassica carinata
Mustard contains more oil, while rapeseed has less pungency.
(ii) Irrigation and Weed Management in Barley (जौ में सिंचाई एवं खरपतवार प्रबन्धन)
Hindi:
जौ की फसल को सामान्यतः 2–3 सिंचाइयों की आवश्यकता होती है। मुख्य सिंचाई अवस्थाएँ – क्लम्पन अवस्था और फूल निकलने की अवस्था हैं।
खरपतवार प्रबंधन के लिए बुआई के 30 दिन बाद निराई-गुड़ाई आवश्यक है। रासायनिक नियंत्रण हेतु Isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
साफ खेत, सही समय पर बुआई और उपयुक्त खरपतवार नियंत्रण उपज बढ़ाते हैं।
English:
Barley crops generally require 2-3 irrigations. The main irrigation stages are clumping stage and flowering stage.
For weed management, inter-cultivation should be done 30 days after sowing. For chemical control, Isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha can be used.
Clean fields, timely sowing, and effective weed control enhance the yield.
(iii) Uses of Lemon Grass (लेमन घास के उपयोग)
Hindi:
लेमन घास एक सुगंधित औषधीय पौधा है जिसका वैज्ञानिक नाम Cymbopogon citratus है।
इससे निकलने वाला तेल (essential oil) औषधियों, साबुन, सौंदर्य प्रसाधनों व खुशबू में काम आता है।
इसका चाय और हर्बल उत्पादों में उपयोग होता है। यह तनाव घटाने, पाचन सुधारने एवं कीटरोधी गुणों के लिए भी उपयोगी है।
लेमन घास खेती में लागत कम और लाभ अधिक होता है।
English:
Lemon grass is a fragrant medicinal plant with the scientific name Cymbopogon citratus.
The essential oil extracted from it is used in medicines, soaps, cosmetics, and fragrances.
It is used in tea and herbal products. It is also beneficial for reducing stress, improving digestion, and having insect-repellent properties.
Lemon grass farming has low costs and high profits.
(iv) Economic Importance of Barley (जौ का आर्थिक महत्व)
Hindi:
जौ एक प्रमुख अनाज एवं पशु चारा फसल है। यह कम सिंचाई और अल्प वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों में भी उगाई जा सकती है।
इसका उपयोग बीयर, व्हिस्की, माल्ट उद्योग, दलिया, पशु चारा एवं आटा उत्पादन में होता है।
जौ के पौधे का उपयोग चारे के रूप में भी किया जाता है।
यह ठंडे क्षेत्रों में किसानों के लिए एक वैकल्पिक आय स्रोत है। बीज, भूसी और माल्ट निर्यात से विदेशी मुद्रा भी प्राप्त होती है।
English:
Barley is a major cereal and animal fodder crop. It can be grown in regions with low irrigation and less rainfall.
It is used in the beer, whisky, malt industry, porridge, animal fodder, and flour production.
The plant is also used as fodder.
It serves as an alternative income source for farmers in colder regions. Barley seed, husk, and malt exports also generate foreign exchange.
(v) Economic Uses of Mentha (मैन्था का आर्थिक उपयोग)
Hindi:
मैन्था (Mentha arvensis) एक औषधीय एवं सुगंधित पौधा है जिससे पुदीना तेल प्राप्त होता है।
इस तेल का उपयोग दवाओं, टूथपेस्ट, च्युइंग गम, इत्र और कॉस्मेटिक्स में किया जाता है।
इसके पत्तों से चाय, सिरप व ठंडी दवाएं बनती हैं।
भारत इसका प्रमुख उत्पादक और निर्यातक है।
पुदीना की खेती से किसानों को कम समय में अधिक आय होती है।
English:
Mentha (Mentha arvensis) is a medicinal and aromatic plant that produces peppermint oil.
This oil is used in medicines, toothpaste, chewing gum, perfumes, and cosmetics.
Its leaves are used to make tea, syrups, and coolants.
India is a major producer and exporter of peppermint.
Peppermint farming provides farmers with higher returns in a shorter period.
(vi) Agronomic Practices for Beet Root Cultivation (चुकंदर की सस्य क्रियाएँ)
Hindi:
चुकंदर की खेती के लिए बलुई दोमट मिट्टी उपयुक्त होती है।
बुआई का समय अक्टूबर से नवंबर होता है।
बीज दर 4–6 किग्रा/हेक्टेयर होती है और कतार से कतार दूरी 30 सेमी रखी जाती है।
खाद में 80:60:60 एन.पी.के. की मात्रा दी जाती है।
सिंचाई आवश्यकता अनुसार दी जाती है – विशेष रूप से जड़ विकास के समय।
खरपतवार नियंत्रण के लिए समय पर निराई जरूरी होती है।
English:
Loamy and well-drained soil is ideal for beetroot cultivation.
Sowing time is from October to November.
The seed rate is 4–6 kg/ha, with row-to-row spacing of 30 cm.
The recommended fertilizer application is 80:60:60 N.P.K.
Irrigation is provided as needed, especially during root development.
Weed control requires timely inter-cultivation.
(vii) Stages for Water Management in Wheat (गेहूँ में जल प्रबंधन के चरण)
Hindi:
गेहूँ की सिंचाई की मुख्य अवस्थाएँ इस प्रकार हैं:
- क्राउन रूट इनिशिएशन (CRI) – 20–25 दिन पर (सबसे महत्वपूर्ण)
- कल्ला बनना (Tillering)
- गांठ बनना (Jointing/Booting)
- बाल निकलना (Heading)
- दूध अवस्था (Milk stage)
इन सभी अवस्थाओं पर सिंचाई से अधिकतम उत्पादन प्राप्त होता है।
English:
The main irrigation stages for wheat are:
- Crown Root Initiation (CRI) – 20–25 days after sowing (most important)
- Tillering
- Jointing/Booting
- Heading
- Milk stage
Irrigation at all these stages helps achieve maximum yield.
(viii) Post-Harvest Techniques in Tobacco (तम्बाकू में कटाई के उपरान्त तकनीक)
Hindi:
तम्बाकू की पत्तियों को पकने पर तोड़ा जाता है, फिर क्योरिंग (curing) की जाती है।
क्योरिंग के चार प्रकार होते हैं – फ्लू क्योरिंग, एयर क्योरिंग, फायर क्योरिंग और सन क्योरिंग।
इस प्रक्रिया में नमी कम की जाती है जिससे पत्तियां भंडारण योग्य बनती हैं।
इसके बाद ग्रेडिंग, बंडल बनाना, भंडारण और विपणन किया जाता है।
सही क्योरिंग से गुणवत्ता वाली तम्बाकू प्राप्त होती है।
English:
Tobacco leaves are harvested when mature, followed by curing.
There are four types of curing – flue curing, air curing, fire curing, and sun curing.
This process reduces moisture content, making the leaves suitable for storage.
After curing, grading, bundling, storage, and marketing are done.
Proper curing results in high-quality tobacco.
4. Answer any one out of the following two questions. Answer of the question should be in one page. (निम्नलिखित दो प्रश्नों में से किसी एक प्रश्न का उत्तर दीजिए। प्रश्न का उत्तर एक पृष्ठ में हो)
(i) Cultivation of Sugarcane (गन्ने की खेती)
(a) High Yielding Varieties (अधिक उपज देने वाली प्रजातियाँ)
Sugarcane is one of the most important cash crops, primarily grown for sugar production. High-yielding varieties of sugarcane are essential for improving crop productivity. In India, varieties like Co 86032, Co 0238, Co 0998, and Co 421 are commonly grown for higher yields and disease resistance. These varieties are well-suited for the agro-climatic conditions of India, providing better sugar recovery and pest resistance.
English:
Sugarcane, a major cash crop for sugar production, benefits from high-yielding varieties such as Co 86032, Co 0238, Co 0998, and Co 421. These varieties are developed to withstand diseases, provide better sugar recovery, and thrive in India’s diverse climate.
(b) Manures and Fertilizer Application (खाद एवं उर्वरक का प्रयोग)
For sugarcane cultivation, the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers is essential for maximizing yield. Well-decomposed farmyard manure (FYM) or compost is applied at planting, along with chemical fertilizers. The recommended NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) ratio for sugarcane is 150:75:75 kg per hectare. Nitrogen is crucial for vegetative growth, phosphorus for root development, and potassium for improving sugar content. Additionally, micronutrients like zinc and boron are also recommended for better crop health.
English:
Sugarcane cultivation requires both organic (FYM/compost) and chemical fertilizers. The NPK ratio of 150:75:75 kg per hectare is ideal. Nitrogen promotes vegetative growth, phosphorus aids in root development, and potassium enhances sugar quality. Micronutrients like zinc and boron further support crop health.
(c) Irrigation and Weed Management (सिंचाई एवं खरपतवार प्रबंधन)
Sugarcane requires a significant amount of water throughout its growth cycle, particularly during the active growth and ripening stages. Drip irrigation and furrow irrigation methods are commonly used to manage water effectively and reduce wastage. Water management is crucial during the germination and early growth stages to avoid waterlogging or drought stress.
Weed management is another critical aspect of sugarcane cultivation. Pre-emergence herbicides like Atrazine and post-emergence herbicides like Metolachlor are used for controlling weeds. Additionally, manual weeding and inter-cultivation help in maintaining a weed-free environment, ensuring better growth and yield.
English:
Sugarcane requires adequate water, especially during active growth and ripening. Drip and furrow irrigation methods are commonly used to ensure efficient water use. For weed management, pre-emergence herbicides like Atrazine and post-emergence herbicides like Metolachlor are employed, along with manual weeding and inter-cultivation for a weed-free field.
(d) Plant Protection and Yield (फसल सुरक्षा एवं उपज)
Sugarcane is prone to various pests and diseases, including shoot borer, white grub, and red rot. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, including the use of biological controls and chemical insecticides, are applied to protect the crop. Regular field monitoring is necessary to detect early signs of pest or disease outbreaks. Additionally, plant protection chemicals should be used judiciously to avoid environmental contamination. By ensuring proper protection, the yield can increase significantly, with yields ranging from 60 to 120 tons per hectare depending on the variety, management practices, and climatic conditions.
English:
Sugarcane faces numerous pests and diseases, such as shoot borer and red rot. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, including biological controls and chemical insecticides, are crucial for protecting the crop. Regular monitoring and judicious use of chemicals help maximize yields, with potential yields of 60 to 120 tons per hectare.
(ii) Cultivation of Mustard (सरसों की खेती)
(a) Origin and History (उत्पत्ति और इतिहास)
Mustard (Brassica juncea) is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean region and is now widely cultivated in India, China, and Canada. It has been a staple crop for centuries, used both as a food item and in oil extraction. India is one of the largest producers of mustard, especially in Rajasthan, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Mustard is a crucial oilseed crop and is part of the Brassicaceae family.
English:
Mustard (Brassica juncea) is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean region and is widely grown in India, China, and Canada. It has been cultivated for centuries for its oil and culinary use. India, particularly Rajasthan, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, is a major producer of mustard.
(b) Improved Varieties (सुधारीत प्रजातियाँ)
In India, several improved varieties of mustard have been developed for higher yield, disease resistance, and early maturity. Some popular varieties include Pusa Bold, Pusa Jai Kisan, RL 1359, and Rajasthan Mustard-1 (RM1). These varieties are known for their resistance to diseases like white rust and downy mildew, along with better oil content and enhanced productivity.
English:
Improved mustard varieties like Pusa Bold, Pusa Jai Kisan, RL 1359, and Rajasthan Mustard-1 (RM1) are developed for better yield, disease resistance, and early maturity. These varieties have higher oil content and are resistant to common diseases like white rust.
(c) Fertilizer Requirement and Time of Application (खाद की आवश्यकता एवं समय)
Mustard requires a balanced application of fertilizers for optimal growth. A typical fertilizer recommendation includes 60-80 kg of nitrogen (N), 40-60 kg of phosphorus (P), and 20-30 kg of potassium (K) per hectare. Nitrogen is applied in splits – half at sowing and the remaining half after 30 days. Phosphorus and potassium are applied during sowing. The use of micronutrients like boron can also enhance seed development and oil content.
English:
Mustard requires balanced fertilizers, including 60-80 kg of nitrogen (N), 40-60 kg of phosphorus (P), and 20-30 kg of potassium (K) per hectare. Nitrogen is applied in splits – half at sowing and the rest after 30 days. Phosphorus and potassium are applied during sowing, with boron improving seed development and oil content.
(d) Plant Protection (फसल सुरक्षा)
Mustard is vulnerable to various pests and diseases, including aphids, white rust, and alternaria blight. Pest management involves using systemic insecticides like Imidacloprid for aphids and fungicides for fungal infections. Integrated pest management (IPM) practices, including crop rotation and resistant varieties, help reduce the incidence of these pests and diseases.
English:
Mustard faces pest issues like aphids and diseases like white rust and alternaria blight. Pest management includes systemic insecticides like Imidacloprid and fungicides. Integrated pest management (IPM) practices, including crop rotation and resistant varieties, help mitigate pest and disease damage.
(e) Harvesting and Yield (कटाई और उपज)
Mustard is typically harvested when the pods turn yellow and the seeds are hard. Harvesting is done manually or using combine harvesters. The average yield of mustard ranges between 800-1200 kg per hectare, depending on variety, weather conditions, and management practices. High-yielding varieties and proper agronomic practices can increase yields significantly.
English:
Mustard is harvested when the pods turn yellow, and the seeds are firm. Harvesting can be done manually or with combine harvesters. The average yield ranges from 800-1200 kg per hectare, with high-yielding varieties and good management practices enhancing productivity.