ENTO- 121 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY

---

Objectives

1. To know the history of entomology, classification of insects and their relationship with
   other arthropods
2. To study thevariousmorphologicalcharactersofclassinsectandtheirimportancefor
   classification of insects
3. Togetanideaaboutthedifferentphysiologicalsystemsofinsectsandtheirrolesin growth and
   development and communications of insects
4. To study the characteristics of commonly observed insect orders and their economically
   important families

Theory

History of Entomology in India. Major points related to dominance of Insects in Animal
kingdom. Classification of phylum Arthropoda up to classes. Relationship of class Insects with
other classes of Arthropoda. Morphology: Structure and functions of insect cuticle and molting.
Body segmentation. Structure of head, thorax and abdomen. Structure and modifications ofinsect
antennae, mouth parts, legs, Wing venation, modifications and wing Structure and functions of
digestive, circulatory, excretory, respiratory, nervous, secretary (Endocrine) and reproductive
system, in insects. Types of reproduction in insects. Systematics: Taxonomy – importance,
history and development and binomial nomenclature. Definitions of Biotype, Sub- species,
Species, Genus, Family and Order. Classification of class Insecta up to Orders, basic groups of
present day insects with special emphasis to orders and families of Agricultural importance like
Orthoptera: Acrididae, Tettigoniidae, ryllidae, Gryllotalpidae; Chrysopidae; Lepidoptera:
Papiloinidae, Noctuidae, Sphingidae, pyralidae, Gelechiidae, Arctiidae, Saturnidae,
Bombycidae; Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae,
Bruchidae, Scarabaeidae; Hymenoptera: Tenthridinidae, Apidae. Trichogrammatidae,
Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae, Tachinidae, Agromyziidae,
Culicidae, Muscidae, Tephritidae.

Practical

Methods of collection and preservation of insects including immature stages; External features of
Grasshopper/Blister beetle; Types of insect antennae, mouthparts and legs; Wing venation, types of wings and wing coupling apparatus. Types of in sect larvae and pupae; Dissection of digestive system in insects (Grasshopper); Study of characters of orders Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Odonata, Isoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and their families of agricultural importance.

---

Lecture Schedule: Theory

1. History of Entomology in India. 1
2. Major points related to dominance of Insect in animal kingdom. 1
3. Classification of phylum Arthropoda upto classes. 1
4. Structure and functions of insect cuticle and molting. 1
5. Morphology of grasshopper: Body segmentation-structure of head, Thorax and abdomen. 2
6. Structure and modifications of insect antennae. 1
7. Structure and modifications of insect mouthparts. 3
8. Structure and modifications of insect leg. 1
9. Wing venation, modifications and wing coupling apparatus. 1
10. Structure of genital organs and sensory organs (simple and compound eyes, chemoreceptor). 2
11. Metamorphosis ninsects, types of larvae and pupae. 1
12. Structure and functions of digestive system. 1
13. Structure and functions of circulatory and excretory system. 2
14. Structure and functions of respiratory system. 1
15. Structure and functions of nervous system. 1
16. Structure and functions of secretory (endocrine) system 1
17. Structure and functions of reproductive system and types of Reproduction in insects. 2
18. Taxonomy– importance, history and development and binomial nomenclature. Definition sof Biotype, Sub-species, Species, Genus Family and Order. 2
19. Orthoptera: Acrididae, Gryllidae; Dictyoptera: Mantidae, Blattidae. Odonata; Isoptera: Termitidae. Thysanoptera: Thripidae. 2
20. Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Lygaeidae, Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Aphididae, Coccidae, Lophophidae, Aleurodidae, Pseudococcidae. 1
21. Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Papiloinidae, Noctuidae, Sphingidae, Pyralidae, Gelechiidae, Arctiidae,Bombycidae. 1
22. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, Galerucidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, Bruchidae. 1
23. Hymenoptera: Tenthridinidae, Apidae, Trichogrammatidae, lchneumonidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae. 1
24. Diptera: Cecidomyiidae, Tachinidae, Agromyziidae, Culicidae, Muscidae,Tephritidae;Neuroptera: Chrysopidae. 1

---

Lecture Schedule: Practical

1. Methods of collection and preservation of insects including immature stages. 1
2. External features of Grasshopper/Cockroach. 1
3. Types of insect antennae, mouth parts and legs. 4
4. Wing venation, types of wings and wing coupling apparatus. 1
5. Dissection of digestive system in insects (Grasshopper/Cockroach) 1
6. Study of characters of orders Orthoptera, Dictyoptera with their families. 1
7. Study of characters of orders Odonata, Isoptera, Thysanoptera with Their families. 1
8. Study of characters of order Hemiptera with its families. 1
9. Study of characters of order Lepidoptera with its families. 1
10. Study of characters of order Coleoptera with its families. 1
11. Study of characters of order Diptera with its families. 1
12. Study of characters of orders Hymenoptera and Neuroptera with their families. 1

---

References

1. Fundamentalsof Ecology-Eugene. P.Odum andGrayW. Barrett
2. Imm’s General Textbook of Entomology—O. W. Rechard sand R.G. Davies
3. Introduction to the study of Insects-D.J.Borror and DeLong’s